abstract：:Besides pathology endpoints, additional immune function endpoints have been included in the Note for Guidance on Repeated Dose Toxicity by the European Union (July 2001), which concern the analysis of antibody responses to a T-cell-dependent antigen. Guidance papers of other regulatory authorities are published as wel...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： van der Laan JW,van Loveren H

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Arsenic is an established human carcinogen. However, there has been much controversy about the shape of the arsenic response curve, particularly at low doses. This controversy has been exacerbated by the fact that the mechanism(s) of arsenic carcinogenesis are still unclear and because there are few satisfactory anima...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Snow ET,Sykora P,Durham TR,Klein CB

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The chemical risk assessment process plays an essential role in the potential human health risk evaluation. Setting priorities for this purpose is critical for better use of the available human and material resources. It has been generally accepted that all new chemicals require safety evaluation before manufacture an...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Alonzo C,Laborde A

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Male reproductive health has received considerable attention in recent years. In addition to declining sperm quality, fertility problems and increased incidence of testicular cancer, there is accumulating evidence that genetic damage, in the form of unrepaired DNA lesions or de novo mutations, may be transmitted via s...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Olsen AK,Lindeman B,Wiger R,Duale N,Brunborg G

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The concept of toxicovigilance encompasses the active detection, validation and follow-up of clinical adverse events related to toxic exposures in human beings. Poison centers are key players in this function as poisoning statistics are essential to define the cause, incidence and severity of poisonings occurring in t...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Descotes J,Testud F

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Distance learning offers many advantages to students and teachers of almost any scientific discipline. Toxicology is no exception. For example, should Paracelsus be interested in learning more about toxicology at Drexel University, he would have the opportunity to take two courses in this subject utilizing the content...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Huggins J,Morris J,Peterson CE

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Patients with 45,X0/46XY karyotype often present with intersex phenotype and testicular dysgenesis. These patients may also have undescended testes (cryptorchidism), hypospadias and their spermatogenesis is severely disrupted. They have a high risk for testicular cancer. These patients have the most severe form of tes...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Virtanen HE,Rajpert-De Meyts E,Main KM,Skakkebaek NE,Toppari J

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mass spectrometry is a unique tool to detect and identify trace levels of organic and bioorganic compounds as well as microorganisms in the environment. The range of potential chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) agents is very broad. An important advantage of mass spectrometry over other techniques invol...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Lebedev AT

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mercury (Hg) has long been recognized as a neurotoxicant; however, recent work in animal models has implicated Hg as an immunotoxicant. In particular, Hg has been shown to induce autoimmune disease in susceptible animals with effects including overproduction of specific autoantibodies and pathophysiologic signs of lup...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Silbergeld EK,Silva IA,Nyland JF

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inhaled mineral dusts and fibres can cause chronic pulmonary inflammation, often leading to permanent scarring with loss of function, but the mechanisms involved remain obscure. There are currently no good methods for monitoring inflammatory processes in situ. Positron emission tomography (PET) of suitable intravenous...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Jones HA,Hamacher K,Clark JC,Schofield JB,Krausz T,Haslett C,Boobis AR

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Technologies that generate information about the genome are being used to explore changes in gene expression and related proteins following exposure to chemicals. Conceptually, this information allows a greater understanding of genomic level mRNA expression (transcriptomics), cell and tissue protein expression (proteo...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Oberemm A,Onyon L,Gundert-Remy U

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Fluorescent Cell Chip for in vitro immunotoxicity testing employs cell lines derived from lymphocytes, mast cells, and monocytes-macrophages transfected with various EGFP cytokine reporter gene constructs. While cytokine expression is a valid endpoint for in vitro immunotoxicity screening, additional marker for th...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Trzaska D,Zembek P,Olszewski M,Adamczewska V,Ullerås E,Dastych J

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phenolic compounds, such as 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), have been shown to interfere with rat ovarian steroidogenesis. However, little is known about steroidogenic effects of infantile OP exposure on immature ovary. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of infantile OP exposure on plasma FSH, LH, es...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Myllymäki SA,Karjalainen M,Haavisto TE,Toppari J,Paranko J

更新日期：2005-08-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major complication of heavy alcohol (EtOH) drinking and is characterized by three progressive stages of pathology: steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Alcoholic steatosis (AS) is the initial stage of ALD and consists of fat accumulation in the liver accompanied by min...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Apte UM,Banerjee A,McRee R,Wellberg E,Ramaiah SK

更新日期：2005-08-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Numerous studies link arsenic exposure to human cancers in a variety of tissues, including the prostate. Our prior work showed that chronic arsenic exposure of the non-tumorigenic, human prostate epithelial cell line, RWPE-1, to low levels of (5 microM) sodium arsenite for 29 weeks resulted in malignant transformation...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Benbrahim-Tallaa L,Waterland RA,Styblo M,Achanzar WE,Webber MM,Waalkes MP

更新日期：2005-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The effects of air pollution on human health are a great concern, particularly in big cities with severe traffic problems such as Bangkok, Thailand. In this study, exposure to genotoxic compounds in ambient air was studied by analysis of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene through d...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Ruchirawat M,Navasumrit P,Settachan D,Tuntaviroon J,Buthbumrung N,Sharma S

更新日期：2005-08-07 00:00:00

abstract：:A pressing need exists to develop and validate molecular biomarkers to assess the early effects of chemical agents, both individually and in mixtures. This is particularly true for new and chemically intensive industries such as the semiconductor industry. Previous studies from this laboratory and others have demonstr...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Fowler BA,Conner EA,Yamauchi H

更新日期：2005-08-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The present study was undertaken to determine the involvement of calcium-protein kinase C pathway in the mechanism of action of Escherichia coli heat stable enterotoxin (STa) apart from STa-induced activation of guanylate cyclase in human colonic carcinoma cell line COLO-205, which was used as a model cultured cell li...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Gupta DD,Saha S,Chakrabarti MK

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In mammals, CYP3A isozymes collectively comprise the largest portion of the liver and small intestinal CYP protein. They are involved in the metabolism of an extensive range of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics and make a significant contribution to the termination of the action of steroid hormones. A full-length ...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Tseng HP,Hseu TH,Buhler DR,Wang WD,Hu CH

更新日期：2005-06-15 00:00:00

abstract：:This pilot study was designed to assess whether a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor has anti-inflammatory properties in mild asthma. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) has been shown to be an important cytokine in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammatory responses, and its release can be i...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Bruce C,Thomas PS

更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:B200 cells are Ni(II)-transformed mouse BALB/c-3T3 fibroblasts displaying a malignant phenotype and increased resistance to Ni(II) toxicity. In an attempt to find genes whose expression has been altered by the transformation, the Atlas Mouse Stress/Toxicology cDNA Expression Array (Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Al...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Kowara R,Karaczyn A,Cheng RY,Salnikow K,Kasprzak KS

更新日期：2005-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Organic cations (OCs) constitute a diverse array of compounds of physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological importance. Renal secretion of these compounds, which occurs principally along the proximal portion of the nephron, plays a critical role in regulating the concentration of OCs in the plasma and in cleari...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Wright SH

更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mast cells reside at interfaces with the environment, including the mucosa of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. This localization exposes mast cells to inhaled, or ingested, environmental challenges. In the airways of smokers, resident immune cells will be in contact with the condensed components of cigaret...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Small-Howard A,Turner H

更新日期：2005-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：INTRODUCTION:Noncirrhotic portal fibrosis has been reported to occur in humans due to prolonged intake of arsenic contaminated water. Further, oxystress and hepatic fibrosis have been demonstrated by us in chronic arsenic induced hepatic damage in murine model. Cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Das S,Santra A,Lahiri S,Guha Mazumder DN

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper reviews the occurrence and properties of cyanobacterial toxins, with reference to the recognition and management of the human health risks which they may present. Mass populations of toxin-producing cyanobacteria in natural and controlled waterbodies include blooms and scums of planktonic species, and mats ...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Codd GA,Morrison LF,Metcalf JS

更新日期：2005-03-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Four chemicals that are known to induce in rats thyroid follicular-cell adenomas and carcinomas were assayed for their ability to induce DNA damage and DNA repair synthesis in primary cultures of human thyroid cells. Significant dose-dependent increases in the frequency of DNA single-strand breaks and alkali-labile si...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Mattioli F,Martelli A,Garbero C,Gosmar M,Manfredi V,Mattioli FP,Torre G,Brambilla G

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous studies have demonstrated that mice lacking a functional folate binding protein 2 gene (Folbp2-/-) were significantly more sensitive to in utero arsenic exposure than were the wild-type mice similarly exposed. When these mice were fed a folate-deficient diet, the embryotoxic effect of arsenate was further exa...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Spiegelstein O,Gould A,Wlodarczyk B,Tsie M,Lu X,Le C,Troen A,Selhub J,Piedrahita JA,Salbaum JM,Kappen C,Melnyk S,James J,Finnell RH

更新日期：2005-02-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (50 mg/kg, i.p.) selectively deplete mouse bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic cells through a process that is dependent on CYP1B1. 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), which forms greater amounts of dihydrodiol-epoxide-DNA adducts in BM, is much more effective in depleting BM cell...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Galván N,Teske DE,Zhou G,Moorthy B,MacWilliams PS,Czuprynski CJ,Jefcoate CR

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acetaminophen (APAP) nephrotoxicity has been observed both in humans and research animals. Recent studies suggest a contributory role for glutathione (GSH)-derived conjugates of APAP in the development of nephrotoxicity. Inhibitors of either gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) or the probenecid-sensitive organic ...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Stern ST,Bruno MK,Hennig GE,Horton RA,Roberts JC,Cohen SD

更新日期：2005-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Arsenite is a toxicant and environmental pollutant associated with multisite neoplasias and other health effects. The wide range of doses used and the claims that some high doses are "not toxic" in some assays have confounded studies on its mechanism of action. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the tre...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Komissarova EV,Saha SK,Rossman TG

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mitoguazone is a known inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis through competitive inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. A recent renewed interest in mitoguazone as an antineoplastic agent prompted us to investigate the effect of the drug on polyamine catabolism in rat liver, since the organ plays an important...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Ferioli ME,Berselli D,Caimi S

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Statins are widely used to treat lipid disorders. These drugs are safe and well tolerated; however, in <1% of patients, myopathy and/or rhabdomyolysis can develop. To better understand the mechanism of statin-induced myopathy, we examined the ability of structurally distinct statins to induce apoptosis in an optimized...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Johnson TE,Zhang X,Bleicher KB,Dysart G,Loughlin AF,Schaefer WH,Umbenhauer DR

更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:While the physiologic and molecular effects of capsaicinoids have been extensively studied in various model systems by a variety of administration routes, little is known about the uptake and elimination kinetic profiles in human skin following topical exposure. The present study evaluated the uptake and elimination k...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Pershing LK,Reilly CA,Corlett JL,Crouch DJ

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract have a crucial role in protection against the toxic effects of lipophilic chemicals in the environment. UGTs such as UGT1A7, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10 are exclusively expressed in gastrointestinal tissues, each with a unique tissue distribution patter...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Gregory PA,Lewinsky RH,Gardner-Stephen DA,Mackenzie PI

更新日期：2004-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:A negative regulatory element (NRE1; position -794 to -774) was previously identified that mediates the downregulation of CYP1A1, including partial suppression of Ah receptor-dependent induction. The CCAAT-box binding protein, nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y), is a component of one of two protein complexes that specifically an...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Poch MT,Al-Kassim L,Smolinski SM,Hines RN

更新日期：2004-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Reviewing available data shows that most of antipsychotic drugs are associated with arrhythmia and sudden death. Experimental studies have shown a HERG channel blockade, a dose-dependent increase in duration of action potential or of QT interval, with various degrees of indicators of serious arrhythmogenicity. However...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Titier K,Canal M,Déridet E,Abouelfath A,Gromb S,Molimard M,Moore N

更新日期：2004-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium arsenide (InAs), and aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) are semiconductor applications. Although the increased use of these materials has raised concerns about occupational exposure to them, there is little information regarding the adverse health effects to workers arising from exposu...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Tanaka A

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Speciation of arsenicals in biological samples is an essential tool to gain insight into its distribution in tissues and its species-specific toxicity to target organs. Biological samples (urine, hair, fingernail) examined in the present study were collected from 41 people of West Bengal, India, who were drinking arse...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Mandal BK,Ogra Y,Anzai K,Suzuki KT

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters play unique trophic roles in brain development. Accordingly, drugs and environmental toxicants that promote or interfere with neurotransmitter function evoke neurodevelopmental abnormalities by disrupting the timing or intensity of neurotrophic actions. The current review disc...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Slotkin TA

更新日期：2004-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Three novel P450 members of the cytochrome P450 4A family were cloned as partial cDNAs from hamster liver, characterised as novel members of the CYP4A subfamily, and designated CYP4A17, 18, and 19. Hamsters were treated with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonists, methylclofenapate (...

journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology

authors： Choudhury AI,Sims HM,Horley NJ,Roberts RA,Tomlinson SR,Salter AM,Bruce M,Shaw PN,Kendall D,Barrett DA,Bell DR

更新日期：2004-05-15 00:00:00